Glycemic control in patients with diabetes is influenced by both biological and social factors, yet evidence on individual and social determinants of health among patients at risk for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) remains limited. This cross-sectional study examined the associations between individual and social determinants and glycemic control (fasting blood sugar [FBS] and random blood sugar [RBS]) in 90 patients with type 2 diabetes at risk of PAD attending Shahid Madani Teaching Hospital in Khorramabad, Iran, from April 2025 to May 2026. Data were obtained using a researcher-developed questionnaire covering age, gender, education level, marital status, occupation, and place of residence, and glycemic status was determined by measuring FBS and RBS with a glucometer. Data were analyzed using Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, independent-samples t-tests, and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Age was positively correlated with both FBS and RBS (Pearson r = 0.454 and 0.366, respectively; both P < 0.001). Education level was significantly associated with RBS (P = 0.020), with illiterate participants showing higher RBS values than those with a diploma; no significant association was found between education level and FBS. No significant associations were observed between gender, place of residence, marital status, occupation, and either glycemic index. These findings indicate that older age and lower educational attainment are associated with poorer glycemic control in patients with diabetes at risk for PAD, highlighting the need for age-appropriate and literacy-sensitive strategies in diabetes care for this high-risk group.