Nursing philosophy provides a theoretical foundation for the development of the nursing profession by offering fundamental concepts regarding person, health, environment, and nursing itself. Over time, nursing philosophy has transitioned from classical anthropocentric frameworks to more holistic, integrative, and existential perspectives, influenced by paradigms such as posthumanism, spiritual care, and artificial intelligence, presenting new challenges and opportunities for nursing education and practice. This review explores the philosophical foundations of nursing, from classical theories (e.g., Nightingale, Orem, Roy, Watson) to contemporary posthumanist and technology-driven frameworks (e.g., posthumanism, spiritual care, digital nursing), demonstrating the evolution from a linear, human-centered model to a dynamic, hybrid framework integrating human, technological, and ecological dimensions. A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, with keywords including "Nursing philosophy," "Posthumanism," and "Hybrid care." Twenty peer-reviewed articles from 2010 onwards were selected after screening 35 sources, analyzed through categorical content analysis. Classical nursing philosophies, such as Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory, Roy’s Adaptation Model, and Watson’s Theory of Human Caring, established a human-centered foundation, shaping nursing identity through concepts of self-care, adaptation, and empathetic care. In contrast, contemporary philosophies, including posthumanism and AI-driven nursing, redefine care as a dynamic, hybrid model, integrating technology and ecological perspectives to address modern social and technological transformations. Contemporary nursing philosophy is a dynamic framework addressing patient care, digital-age roles, ethics, and environmental issues. Nursing education must evolve to equip students with technical, ethical, and humanistic competencies for rapidly changing clinical environments.