1. Lemoine M. Defining aging. Biology & Philosophy. 2020 Oct;35(5):46.
2. United Nations. World Population Ageing 2019. New York: United Nations; 2019.
3. Alineghad M, Matlabi H. Description and Analysis of Health Promoting Behaviors among older people: Assessing Healthy Lifestyle. Journal of Geriatric Nursing. 2018 Dec 10;5(1):63-72.
4. Safdari R, Shams Abadi AR, Pahlevany Nejad S. Improve health of the elderly people with M-health and technology. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2018 Oct 10;13(3):288-99.
5. Sarani H, Aghaei N, Saffari M, Akbari Yazdi H. Strategies for Promoting Elders’ Health with Sporting Activities: A Qualitative Study. Iranian Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion. 2019; 6 (4):325-339.
6. Mohaqeqi Kamal SH, Basakha M. Prevalence of chronic diseases among the older adults in Iran: Does socioeconomic status matter?. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2022 Feb 10;16(4):468-81.
7. Luo MS, Chui EWT, Li LW. The Longitudinal Associations between Physical Health and Mental Health among Older Adults. Aging & Mental Health. 2020 Dec;24(12):1990-1998.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1655706 8. Mehri N, Messkoub M, Kunkel S. Trends, determinants and the implications of population aging in Iran. Ageing International. 2020 Dec;45(4):327-43.
9. Mollica M, Aronne L, Paoli G, Flora M, Mazzeo G, Tartaglione S, Polito R, Tranfa C, Ceparano M, Komici K, Mazzarella G. Elderly with COPD: Comoborbitidies and systemic consequences. Journal of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 2021;69:32-44.
10. Varmaghani M, Dehghani M, Heidari E, Sharifi F, Moghaddam SS, Farzadfar F. Global prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2019 Mar 19;25(1):47-57.
https://doi.org/10.26719/emhj.18.014 .
11. Sharifi H, Masjedi MR, Emami H, Ghanei M, Eslaminejad A, Radmand G, Buist AS. Interim Report from Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD Study) in Tehran: Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Tanaffos. 2014;13(3):6-13.
12. Bastani F, Farajtabar F. Assessment of insomnia severity in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Rasoul Akram Hospital, 2019 Tehran. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2020 Apr 10;20(1):20-31.
13. Hu W, Li T, Cao S, Gu Y, Chen L. [Retracted] Influence of Nurse‐Led Health Education on Self‐Management Ability, Satisfaction, and Compliance of Elderly Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Based on Knowledge, Belief, and Practice Model. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine. 2022;2022(1):1782955.
14. Bhattarai B, Walpola R, Mey A, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Khan S. Barriers and Strategies for Improving Medication Adherence Among People Living With COPD: A Systematic Review. Respiratory Care . 2020 Nov;65(11):1738-1750.
https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.07355 .
15. Izquierdo-Condoy JS, Gualpa ءlvarez F, Morales-Lapo E, Arias Calvache WD, Bermْdez Moreira J, Quinga-Chiguano KM, Ortiz-Prado E. Adherence to Inhalation Therapy Among COPD Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Tertiary Hospital in Quito, Ecuador. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary. 2025 Feb 21;20:399-410.
https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S493992 16. Murillo ER, Mora JRM, Bachiller MM, Santiago LG, Braqué NN, Bravo MO. Factors associated with low adherence to inhaled therapy in patients with chronic respiratory diseases: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med. 2025 Feb 27;25(1):94.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-025-03563-7 17. Weir DL, Bai YQ, Thavorn K, Guilcher S, Kanji S, Mulpuru S, Wodchis W. Non-adherence to COPD medications and its association with adverse events: A longitudinal population based cohort study of older adults. Annals of Epidemiology. 2024 Aug;96:88-96.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.12.003 .
18. Trieu NTT, Upvall M, Hoai NTY, Thuy PT, Long TV, Phuong NTA. The Effect of Treatment Adherence on Health Status of Outpatients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Home Healthc Now. 2024 Sep-Oct 01;42(5):260-266.
https://doi.org/10.1097/NHH.0000000000001289 19. Gow K, Rashidi A, Whithead L. Factors Influencing Medication Adherence Among Adults Living with Diabetes and Comorbidities: a Qualitative Systematic Review. Current Diabetes Reports. 2024 Feb;24(2):19-25.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-023-01532-0 20. Ekenberg M, Qvarnstrِm M, Sundstrِm A, Martinell M, Wettermark B. Socioeconomic factors associated with poor medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2024 Jan;80(1):53-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-023-03571-8.
21. Khosravi A, Ravari A, Mirzaei T, Gholamrezapour M. Effects of a Comprehensive Care Program on the Readmission Rate and Adherence to Treatment in Elderly Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Tanaffos. 2020 Dec;19(4):401-412.
22. Ammous O, Kampo R, Wollsching-Strobel M, Zimmermann M, Andreas S, Friede T, Kroppen D, Stanzel S, Salem S, Windisch W, Mathes T. Adherence-enhancing interventions for pharmacological and oxygen therapy in patients with COPD: a systematic review and component network meta-analyses. European Respiratory Review. 2024 Sep 4;33(173):240011.
https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0011-2024 23. Jiang Y, Nuerdawulieti B, Chen Z, Guo J, Sun P, Chen M, Li J. Effectiveness of patient decision aid supported shared decision-making intervention in in-person and virtual hybrid pulmonary rehabilitation in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2024 Dec;30(10):1532-1542.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X23115663 24. Başoğlu S, Polat Ü. The Effect of Education and Monitoring via Tele-Nursing to Elderly Cancer Patients Using Oral Anticancer Agents on Self-efficacy and Medication Adherence: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Seminars in Oncology Nursing. 2024 Oct;40(5):151692.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2024.151692 25. Liu YR, Wang Y, Peng X, Xie H. The Impact of Illness Perception on Medication Adherence to Inhaler Therapy in Elderly Individuals With COPD. Respiratory Care. 2024 Sep 24:respcare.12056.
https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.12056 26. Emfield Rowett K, Christensen D. Oncology Nurse Navigation: Expansion of the Navigator Role Through Telehealth. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2020 Jun 1;24(3):24-31.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.CJON.S1.24-31 27. McMurray A, Cooper H. The nurse navigator: an evolving model of care. Collegian. 2017 Apr 1;24(2):205-12.
28. Matthew Ortiz MS. IMPLEMENTATION OF A CHECKLIST FOR ONCOLOGY NURSE NAVIGATION. InOncology Nursing Forum 2024 Mar 1 (Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 79C-80C). Oncology Nursing Society.
29. De Santiago S, Nunez D. Impact of Nurse Navigation on Parkinson’s Disease Community Wellness.
30. Negron SL. A Clinical Nurse Leader Nurse Navigator Program for Heart Failure Patients.
31. Alanazi, M.O.E., Alanazi, T.O.E., Alanazi, S.A.M., Alhamid, F.A., Alharthi, S.M.F., Alhamdi, M.T.M., Binzaid, J.S.A., Alamri, N.H.A., Alanazi, F.R., Alshaiqi, S.A.R. and Alhmied, S.A.S., 2024. A Qualitative Exploration of the Impact of Nurse-Guided Telehealth on Health Outcomes and Resource Use in Older Adults with Chronic Diseases in Hafr Albatin. Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research, 7(S11), p.1036.
32. Modanloo M. Development and psychometric tools adherence of treatment in patients with chronic (dissertation). Tehran: Iran University of Medical Sciences; 2013
33. Fatemi NS, Rafii F, Hajizadeh E, Modanloo M. Psychometric properties of the adherence questionnaire in patients with chronic disease: A mix method study. Koomesh. 2018 Oct 4;20(2):179-91.
34. Bidstrup PE, Johansen C, Kroman N, Belmonte F, Duriaud H, Dalton SO, Andersen KG, Mertz B. Effect of a Nurse Navigation Intervention on Mental Symptoms in Patients With Psychological Vulnerability and Breast Cancer: The REBECCA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA network open. 2023 Jun 1;6(6):e2319591. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.19591.
35. Wang R, Zhou C, Wu Y, Sun M, Yang L, Ye X, Zhang M. Patient empowerment and self-management behaviour of chronic disease patients: A moderated mediation model of self-efficacy and health locus of control. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2022 Apr;78(4):1055-1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15077.
36. Maheshwari P, Bobb A, Stuart A, Dalessio S, Bernasko N, Tinsley A, Clarke K, Coates MD, Williams E. Impact of a nurse navigator on a dedicated inflammatory bowel disease-focused gastroenterology clinic. Annals of Gastroenterology. 2021 Sep-Oct;34(5):675-679. https://doi.org/10.20524/aog.2021.0627.
37. Zhang M. Effects of Continuous Nursing Intervention Combined with Breathing Training Guidance on Improving the Rehabilitation Effect and Self-care Ability of Elderly Patients with COPD. Alternative Therapies In Health And Medicine .2024 Dec;30(12):242-248.
38. Manderson B, McMurray J, Piraino E, Stolee P. Navigation roles support chronically ill older adults through healthcare transitions: a systematic review of the literature. Health & Social Care in the Community. 2012 Mar;20(2):113-27.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2011.01032.x 39. Knisely M, Prvu-Bettger J, Strouse JJ, Tanabe P. Improving the Quality of Whole-Person Healthcare Delivery: Critical Components of a Sickle Cell Disease Nurse Navigator Role. Professional Case Management. 2025 Nov-Dec 01;30(6):251-260.
https://doi.org/10.1097/NCM.0000000000000806 40. Dou Y, Zhang L, Wang Y, Xu X, Wu B. Effectiveness of nursing care intervention on the management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2025 May;34(5):693-708.
https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/189880 41. Counts KD. A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Palliative Care Education Intervention Compared to Usual Care on Health Literacy and Quality of Life Among Older Adults With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Paced Study. University of Missouri-Kansas City; 2024.
42. Gonçalves TM, da Conceiçمo Farinha M, Marques-Vieira C, Ferreira MA, Paiva MA, do Céu Neves M. Nursing Intervention in the Therapeutic Adherence of the Elderly With Chronic Disease: A Scoping Review. Global Perspectives on Health Assessments for an Aging Population. 2023:157-69.
43. Trieu NTT, Hoai NTY, Tung NN, Thong TH, Hien NTT. Effect of health education intervention on treatment adherence and health status in patients with Chronic obstruction pulmonary disease: A random control trial. PLoS One. 2025 Jun 24;20(6):e0325192. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0325192.
44. Shockney LD. Chronic disease and complex care navigators: a scoping review.
45. Volpato E, Poletti V. Navigating the Behavioral and Psychological Dimensions of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). InHandbook of the Behavior and Psychology of Disease 2024 Sep 26 (pp. 1-25). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
46. Gomez Del Pulgar M, Cuevas-Budhart MA, Hernلndez-Iglesias S, Kappes M, Riquelme Contreras VA, Rodriguez-Lopez E, De Almeida Souza AM, Gonzalez Jurado MA, Crespo Caٌizares A. Best Nursing Intervention Practices to Prevent Non-Communicable Disease: A Systematic Review. Public Health Reviews. 2022 Sep 14;43:1604429.
https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2022.1604429 47. Pavlovsky E. Evaluation of a Nursing-Led Telephonic Self-Management Program for Patients with COPD on Health Care Utilization (Doctoral dissertation, Yale University).
48. Wang Q, Tang H, Zhang M. The clinical nursing effect of empowerment-based continuing nursing combined with pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 2025 Jul 3;25(1):315.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-025-03683-0 49. Flucke N, Sullivan-Moore C. Patient Assessment: Using the Oncology Nurse Navigator Patient Assessment for Rural and Other Resource-Poor Settings. Clinical journal of oncology nursing. 2021 Dec 1;25(6):729-734.
https://doi.org/10.1188/21.CJON.729-734 50. Huang X, Jiang Z, Dai Y, Liu Y, Dai Z, Wang J, Chen L, Wang Z, Wu W, Huang L. Effect of Gamification on Improved Adherence to Inhaled Medications in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2025 May 14;27:e65309.
https://doi.org/10.2196/65309 51. Iyer AS, Wells RD, Bechthold AC, Armstrong M, O'Beirne R, Byun JY, Coffee-Dunning J, Odom JN, Buhr RG, Suen AO, Kotwal AA, Witt LJ, Brown CJ, Dransfield MT, Bakitas MA. Identifying priority challenges of older adults with COPD: A multiphase intervention refinement studyJournal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2024 Nov;72(11):3346-3359.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.19158 52. Louart S, Bonnet E, Ridde V. Is patient navigation a solution to the problem of "leaving no one behind"? A scoping review of evidence from low-income countries. Health Policy Plan. 2021 Mar 3;36(1):101-116.
https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa093 53. Graboyes EM, Sterba KR, Li H, Warren GW, Alberg AJ, Calhoun EA, Nussenbaum B, McCay J, Marsh CH, Osazuwa-Peters N, Neskey DM, Kaczmar JM, Sharma AK, Harper J, Day TA, Hughes-Halbert C. Development and Evaluation of a Navigation-Based, Multilevel Intervention to Improve the Delivery of Timely, Guideline-Adherent Adjuvant Therapy for Patients With Head and Neck Cancer. JCO Oncology Practice. 2021 Oct;17(10):e1512-e1523.
https://doi.org/10.1200/OP.20.00943 54. Sun X, Shen Y, Shen J. Respiration-related guidance and nursing can improve the respiratory function and living ability of elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Translational Research. 2021 May 15;13(5):4686-4695.
55. Kokorelias KM, Shiers-Hanley JE, Rios J, Knoepfli A, Hitzig SL. Factors Influencing the Implementation of Patient Navigation Programs for Adults with Complex Needs: A Scoping Review of the Literature. Health Services Insights. 2021 Jul 17;14:11786329211033267.
https://doi.org/10.1177/11786329211033267 56. Berezowska A, Passchier E, Bleiker E. Professional patient navigation in a hospital setting: a randomized controlled trial. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2021 Apr;29(4):2111-2123.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-020-05721-5 57. Fischer SM, Min SJ, Kline DM, Lester K, Gozansky W, Schifeling C, Himberger J, Lopez J, Fink RM. Patient Navigator Intervention to Improve Palliative Care Outcomes for Hispanic Patients With Serious Noncancer Illness: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Internal Medicine.2024 Apr 1;184(4):384-393.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.8145 58. Oh J, Ahn S. Effects of Nurse Navigators During the Transition from Cancer Screening to the First Treatment Phase: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Asian Nursing Research (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2021 Dec;15(5):291-302.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2021.10.001 59. Foppa L, Nemetz B, de Matos R, Schneiders J, Telo GH, Schaan BD. The impact of patient navigation on glycemic control, adherence to self-care and knowledge about diabetes: an intervention study. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome. 2023 Aug 17;15(1):172.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01147-1 60. Pratt-Chapman ML, Silber R, Tang J, Le PTD. Implementation factors for patient navigation program success: a qualitative study.Implementation Science Communications.2021 Dec 20;2(1):141.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-021-00248-0 61. Jiang LG, Zhang Y, Greca E, Bodnar D, Gogia K, Wang Y, Peretz P, Steel PAD. Emergency Department Patient Navigator Program Demonstrates Reduction in Emergency Department Return Visits and Increase in Follow-up Appointment Adherence. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2022 Mar;53:173-179.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2022.01.009 62. Bidstrup PE, Johansen C, Kroman N, Belmonte F, Duriaud H, Dalton SO, Andersen KG, Mertz B. Effect of a Nurse Navigation Intervention on Mental Symptoms in Patients With Psychological Vulnerability and Breast Cancer: The REBECCA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open. 2023 Jun 1;6(6):e2319591.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.19591